Friday, December 29, 2023

Eratosthenes and measuring the Earth’s circumference: Its implications for healthcare innovation

As a medical student I was focused on listening to lectures, reading, memorization, and the ability to recall my learning. I used acronyms and mnemonics to remember the 12 cranial nerves, the acronym RICE (rest, ice, compress, elevation) for the treatment of sprains, or bones of the wrist (Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle). As a result of this educational philosophy of rote learning and memorization, there is little room for creativity in a medical student’s early career. I still recall watching Robin Williams in Patch Adams, which is a true story of a heroic man, Hunter "Patch" Adams, determined to become a medical doctor because he enjoys helping people. However, he ventured where no doctor in his training program had ventured before, using humor and pathos or inserting creativity in his interaction with his patients. This behavior was unacceptable to the establishment and he ran afoul of the faculty of the medical school. So, what can we do to insert creativity into our practices. This article will discuss the role of thinking outside of the box regarding our medical practices.

Let me relate a game changing story of creative thinking with the readers of this blog. During the third century BCE, (nearly 2000 years before Columbus) the Greek astronomer and mathematician Eratosthenes made the observation that the sun on the summer solstice (June 21) was directly overhead in the town of Syene (now known as Aswan), Egypt, and when Eratosthenes looked into the well on that day, he noted the absence of a shadow in the well. However, North of Syene, in Alexandria, the sun always casts a shadow from the town tower, even on the summer solstice. This very astute observer believed he could use the sun’s angle in Alexandria and the known distance between the two cities to calculate the Earth’s circumference. He was amazingly accurate with his calculation and was within 50 miles of the 24,902 miles\40,000 Km circumference of the earth!

Okay, what does this story have to do with creativity in modern healthcare? Can you comprehend the imagination of Eratosthenes when he looked in the well and didn’t see a shadow and postulated that the earth was round and not flat? This observation represents a quantum leap in imagination and creativity to make this connection and arrive at a very accurate computation of the earth’s circumference.

What are some examples of creative thinking in healthcare? In 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen observed an image of his wife’s hand and ring on photographic plate. One year later, 1896, X-rays were being utilized clinically in the United States for evaluating bone fractures and gunshot wounds.

Alexander Fleming on returning from a vacation in 1928 observed that one Petri dish was contaminated with a fungus, and that the colonies of staphylococci immediately surrounding the fungus had been destroyed. The rest of the story was the discovery of penicillin which changed the course of medicine in the 20th Century.

A lesser known example of creativity is the work of Dr. Morton Creditor who reported in 1992 that bedrest leads to muscle breakdown of approximately 2% per day. Thus came the paradigm shift from using bedrest to treat patients with a number of multiple medical conditions specifically myocardial infarction. After making this observation, patients are encouraged to become ambulatory instead of being placed at bedrest and post-op patients such as hip and knee replacement are now encouraged to be out of bed on the first day of surgery.

Another contemporary example is caring for intensive care unit patients at home. Dr. David Levine from Harvard has published results of 9 patients with exacerbation of heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or asthma who were assigned to home health care which included nurse and physician home visits, intravenous medications, continuous monitoring, and video communication compared to a control group of 11 patients who were admitted to the ICU. Results demonstrated “home-hospitalization” compared to in-hospital ICU care significantly reduced costs and improved physical activity of the patients. Comparing the two groups, there was no significant differences in quality, safety, and patient experiences noted. Dr. Levine is a doctor who looked into the well and found a creative way to reduce healthcare costs and preserve quality and patient satisfaction.

An example of creative problem solving from my practice occurred when I observed that nearly every day my practice had 1-2 patients who had urgencies and\or emergencies who required to be seen quickly. Rather than tell them to come in and create a delay with patients who had scheduled appointments, a 15-minute segment was created at the end of each morning and the middle of every afternoon in order to see those patients who needed same day appointments. This solution allowed me to see scheduled patients on time and yet accommodate several patients that needed to be seen quickly.

Bottom Line: I’d like to end with a quote from Albert Einstein: “imagination is more important than knowledge. ”So let me ask you, what well are you looking into that is making the delivery of medical care better and\or decreasing the cost of healthcare?

________________________________

Neil Baum, MD, a Professor of Clinical Urology at Tulane University in New Orleans, LA. Dr. Baum is the author of several books, including the best-selling book, Marketing Your Medical Practice-Ethically, Effectively, and Economically, which has sold over 225,000 copies and has been translated into Spanish.

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Thursday, December 28, 2023

Enhancing healthcare through AI

Despite the significant inroads U.S. health care has made in recent years, the sad truth is that physician burnout is at an all-time high. According to athenahealth’s 2022 Physician Sentiment Survey, nearly half of the clinicians surveyed in the United States are feeling burned out from their work.

Administrative burdens play a large part in the problems physicians face. Close to two-thirds said they’re overwhelmed by record-keeping requirements, and 68% said they were frustrated by their inability to spend more time with their patients. Moreover, many believe things are not improving; athenahealth’s survey found that most doctors are pessimistic about the future of health care in the United States.

Too often, technology itself has created some of these burdens and made providers’ jobs harder. But technology should and can be an enabler, rather than a barrier – when applied to the right use cases, technology can help support physicians by removing administrative burdens – allowing physicians to spend more time with their patients and reduce the stress that many feel has become a major burden in their profession.

One promising technology in this vein is artificial intelligence (AI). Many industries currently use it to automate complex processes and improve efficiencies and outcomes. That’s certainly true in the use of AI in health care, where it is increasingly being deployed to remove repetitive administrative tasks that bog down doctors and staff, worsen the physician-patient relationship, and increasingly cause clinician and staff burnout.


AI’s potential to help reduce health care burnout


AI can help curate, decipher and contextualize the enormous and growing amount of digital data that now comprises a patient’s electronic health record (EHR). Rather than forcing the physician to wade through reams of information, AI can summarize and surface relevant data, allowing the provider to quickly assess the patient’s situation.

For example, AI can turn unstructured data into meaningful information and distill the text into more easily digestible and actionable formats for providers. This can be extremely useful in instances such as finding and extracting key information from patient charts.
Generative AI, a new powerful tool

Combining ambient voice technology with generative AI has the potential to not only mitigate documentation burden but remove the computer from the physician-patient interaction and bring the “care” back to health care. With this technology, providers can focus on the visit and interaction with the patient while the conversation is automatically captured by ambient voice. From there, generative AI can formulate a succinct visit note from the encounter in real time that can be reviewed by the provider for any necessary corrections prior to sign off.

Generative AI can also be employed to create virtual symptom checkers – chatbots – that clinicians can use to triage patients and either answer the patient’s concern or direct the individual to an urgent care or another appropriate facility, potentially mitigating some of the burden of evening on-call duty for physicians.

Generative AI powered chatbots have already proven that they can answer questions with human-like tone and are sometimes perceived to be more polite in their responses than humans. That’s because Large Language Models (LLMs) do not get tired, frustrated, or angry even after many hours of repetitive work. Of course, today’s LLMs are still prone to hallucinations – they are trained on enormous data sets and excel at combining data in a logical sounding way that is, nevertheless, incorrect. The good news is that accuracy can be increased by rooting an LLM’s answers into specific health care data, so we may be getting closer to the vision of a reliable virtual assistant. And let’s not forget that accuracy of tired, overburdened providers and medical staff decreases as well – so there is real potential here.


Harnessing AI to improve diagnosis accuracy


AI has shown significant promise in improving diagnosis accuracy and decreasing the risk of misdiagnosis. It is already being deployed in this manner in radiology image interpretations, to give just one example.


Harnessing AI to improve patient follow up


Patients often feel overwhelmed during a physician visit, stressed about their symptoms, and even disoriented by the sheer number of people in the waiting room. In this type of situation, it can often be difficult to remember what a physician says about their diagnosis or follow-up instructions.

By using AI, doctors can quickly create and send personalized care plans and medication information to the patient post visit, either via text message or a follow-up voice call using artificial voice technology.
The promise of AI in health care

AI has the potential to improve patient outcomes by assisting physicians, not just with administrative tasks, but also with clinical care, lessening the underlying administrative burdens of health care that have become the unintended negative consequences of our digital age.

These current and potential uses of AI free the physician to spend more time with the patient, thereby improving the doctor-patient experience. That experience is colored not simply by the physician, but by the entire environment to which a patient is exposed: from the first interaction during the visit, to the level of calm, staff friendliness, and attentiveness.

As Dr. Eric Topol notes in his book Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again, “It is clear to me that AI will never replace physicians – but physicians who use AI will replace physicians who don’t.”


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Wednesday, December 27, 2023

Text messaging: The secret weapon for remote patient monitoring success

Remote patient monitoring (RPM) has experienced a significant rise in adoption, and providers looking to improve patient engagement and adherence in their RPM programs are increasingly turning to text messaging. Texting can be used in numerous ways to help support and grow an RPM program, achieving key touch points with patients that establish and keep them as active participants. When using text messaging for RPM, providers are achieving more consistent capturing of patient data, greater patient self-management of their conditions, enhanced communication and care coordination, better outcomes and improved billing and collections.

The following are examples of the touch points where text messaging can have significant, positive effects on an RPM program.

Confirming eligibility. Once a provider determines a patient is eligible for RPM, a text message can inform patients of their eligibility. The message can encourage patients to call to schedule their initial, in-person RPM appointment where they can learn more about RPM, enroll in the program, receive onboarding, and receive their RPM device (if applicable). Two-way texting, which allows information to be pushed and pulled from recipients, can enable providers to ask patients if they would like to receive a phone call to discuss RPM and schedule their appointment. Patients can then respond with a text to accept the offer.

RPM device updates. If patients will receive their RPM device in the mail from a vendor rather than at the provider's office, text messages can keep patients current on when they should expect to receive the device. When tracking shows the device has been delivered, a two-way text can go to patients asking them to confirm they received the equipment.

When patients confirm receipt, a subsequent text can include links to videos and other materials that walk patients through device setup and usage. The message can also ask if patients would like to receive a phone call from the provider to discuss setup and usage that can further support information included with the device.

First successful device usage. When using an RPM device for the first time, patients may question whether they have done so correctly. To alleviate concerns, providers can send patients a text message informing them that they were successful, and that data is flowing properly. Praising patients can help with engagement.

This text message can also ask patients if they have questions about using their device or encountered challenges and include a phone number patients can call to receive assistance. A two-way text message gives patients the option to reply and receive a call from the provider.

One month of success. A significant RPM challenge is getting patients to follow the schedule for taking readings. Providers can send text messages acknowledging when patients have successfully completed their first month in an RPM program and encourage patients to continue to adhere to the readings schedule.

Decline in readings. When an RPM system flags a patient who is not consistently taking readings, providers can send a text reminding patients of the importance of adherence and asking if they require assistance. Reminder text messages early in a patient's RPM program experience can help establish a good routine that leads to more consistent readings and an adequate number of readings for providers to bill for the service.

Clinical interventions. When RPM device readings indicate a patient's health is experiencing a significant, undesirable change, providers can send text messages informing patients that a clinical intervention is needed and explaining to patients what they should do, such as scheduling an appointment with the provider's office or going to the emergency room, if warranted.

Ongoing health feedback and advice. Not all changes in readings require an urgent intervention. In instances when readings are gradually moving in the wrong direction, providers can send texts that share feedback and advice on what patients can do to get their measurements back into a healthier range.

Telehealth support. Patients using RPM can benefit from supporting telehealth appointments. They can help with troubleshooting device usage and reviewing instructions while giving providers an opportunity to provide new guidance that can help patients with disease management.

Text messages can include a link to a provider's telehealth platform, which turns a patient's phone into a telehealth tool. A text messaging solution should include the capability to inform providers when patients receive telehealth invitation text messages. Once the patient selects the link, a web browser or the phone's default videotelephony app will automatically open and the camera on the phone should activate, making it simple for patients to take advantage of telehealth.

Patient collections. Patients enrolled in RPM will likely have ongoing expenses (e.g., copays). Text messages can inform or remind patients of their financial responsibility and include a link to a portal through which patients can submit payments or a phone number patients can call to make payments.

Online reviews. Providers can send text messages to increase online reviews about their RPM program. Texts can include a direct link to a platform where providers maintain a profile (e.g., Google, Facebook) and encourage patients to review and comment on their experience.

Satisfaction surveys. Texts can be used to conduct satisfaction surveys and get feedback from RPM program participants. The text message can provide a link to an online satisfaction survey, including a phone number patients can call to discuss their experience, and/or ask patients to reply to a question in a two-way text that asks patients rate their RPM experience.

Engaging family members. When patients using RPM receive ongoing support from family members, texting can provide these caregivers with updates and information.
Improving your remote patient monitoring program with texting

For providers launching an RPM program or growing an existing program, text messaging is proving to be a difference-maker that's helping achieve clinical, operational, and financial improvements. Texting, particularly two-way text messaging, can drive greater patient engagement and adherence, billing and collections, patient satisfaction, and program growth, all while reducing staff workload and the number of manual RPM program management tasks.

Adding and using text messaging as a communication mechanism is typically easy and fast, and it's a channel that should be considered a key component of any RPM program.


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